Cirrhosis

Topic Overview

What is cirrhosis?

Cirrhosis (say "suh-ROH-sus") is a very serious condition in which scarring damages the liver. The liver is a large organ that is part of the digestive system. It does a wide range of complex jobs that are vital for life. For example, the liver:

• Makes many important substances, including bile to help digest food and clotting factors to help stop bleeding.
• Controls the amounts of sugar, protein, and fat in the bloodstream.
• Stores important vitamins and minerals, including iron.
• Filters poisons from the blood.
• Breaks down (metabolizes) alcohol and many drugs.

When a person has cirrhosis, scar tissue (fibrosis) replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver from working as it should. For example, the liver may stop producing enough clotting factors, which can lead to bleeding and bruising. Bile and poisons may build up in the blood. Scarring can also cause high blood pressure in the vein that carries blood from the intestines through the liver (portal hypertension). This can lead to severe bleeding in the digestive tract and other serious problems.

Cirrhosis can be deadly. But early treatment can help stop damage to the liver.

What causes cirrhosis?

Cirrhosis can have many causes. Some of the main ones include:

• Long-term, heavy use of alcohol. This is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the United States. Alcoholic cirrhosis can develop after 10 or more years of heavy drinking (5 or more drinks a day for a man or 3 or more drinks a day for a woman).¹ See a picture to learn what is one drink.
• Chronic viral hepatitis. Cirrhosis develops in about 10 to 20 out of 100 people with long-term (chronic) viral hepatitis (mainly hepatitis B or C).² Often it takes up to 20 years or longer for cirrhosis to develop from hepatitis. It may happen much sooner in people with viral hepatitis who drink a lot of alcohol.
• Autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). In some people, the immune system attacks the liver, causing inflammation that leads to cirrhosis.
• Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is liver inflammation caused by a buildup of fat in the liver. Although the cause is not known, NASH seems to be related to some other conditions, including obesity, high cholesterol and triglycerides, and diabetes.
• Blocked bile ducts. A disease called primary biliary cirrhosis develops when the ducts that carry bile out of the liver become inflamed and blocked. The exact cause is unknown, but it may be related to a problem with the immune system.
• Inherited diseases, such as Wilson's disease, cystic fibrosis, or hemochromatosis. Cirrhosis can also be caused by a condition called alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, in which a protein collects in the liver and causes damage.

Less common causes of cirrhosis include severe reactions to medicines or long-term exposure to poisons, such as arsenic. Some people have cirrhosis without an obvious cause.

What are the symptoms?

You may not have symptoms in the early stages of cirrhosis. As it progresses, it can cause a number of symptoms, including:

• Extreme tiredness and weakness.
• Nosebleeds and easy bruising.
• Weight loss.
• Belly pain or discomfort.
• Yellowing of the skin (jaundice).
• Itching.
• Fluid buildup in the legs, called edema (say "ih-DEE-muh"), and in the belly, called ascites (say "uh-SIGH-teez").
• Bleeding in the stomach or in the esophagus, the tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach.
• Confusion.

How is cirrhosis diagnosed?

The doctor will start with a physical exam and questions about your symptoms and past health. If the doctor suspects cirrhosis, you may have blood tests and imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan. These tests can help your doctor find out what is causing the liver damage and how severe it is.

To confirm that you have cirrhosis, the doctor may do a liver biopsy. This means he or she will use a needle to take a sample of liver tissue for testing.

How is it treated?

It is important to get treated for cirrhosis as soon as possible. Treatment cannot cure cirrhosis, but it can sometimes prevent or delay further liver damage. Treatment may include medicines, surgery, or other options, depending on what caused your cirrhosis and what problems it is causing.

There are things you can do to help limit the damage to your liver and control the symptoms:

• Do not drink any alcohol. If you don't stop completely, liver damage may quickly get worse.
• Talk to your doctor before you take any medicines. This includes both prescription and over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, supplements, and herbs. Drugs that can be dangerous include acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) and anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin, for example).
• Make sure your immunizations are up-to-date. You are at higher risk for infections.
• Follow a low-sodium diet. This can help prevent fluid buildup, a common problem in cirrhosis that can become life-threatening.

Symptoms may not appear until a problem is severe, so it is important to see your doctor for regular checkups and lab tests. You may also need testing to check for possible problems such as:

• Enlarged veins, called varices (say "VAIR-uh-seez"), in the digestive tract. Varices can bleed.
• Liver cancer. People with cirrhosis are at higher risk for liver cancer.

If cirrhosis becomes life-threatening, then liver transplant may be an option. But transplant is expensive, organs are hard to find, and it doesn't always work. For these reasons, doctors have to decide who would get the most benefit from a liver transplant. Ask your doctor what steps you can take now to improve your overall health so you can be a good candidate for transplant.

If your cirrhosis is getting worse, you may choose to get care that focuses on your comfort and dignity. Palliative care can provide support and symptom relief so you can make the most of the time you have left. You may also want to make important end-of-life decisions, such as writing a living will. It can be comforting to know that you will get the type of care you want.

It can be hard to face having cirrhosis. If you feel very sad or hopeless, be sure to tell your doctor. You may be able to get counseling or other types of help. Think about joining a support group. Talking with other people who have cirrhosis can be a big help.

Frequently Asked Questions

Learning about cirrhosis:	What is cirrhosis? What causes cirrhosis? What are the symptoms of cirrhosis? What increases my risk for cirrhosis?
Being diagnosed:	How is cirrhosis diagnosed?
Getting treatment:	How is cirrhosis treated? Will I need a liver transplant?
Living with cirrhosis:	What complications can develop? What can I do at home to manage cirrhosis? Why is a low-sodium diet important, and how can I reduce my sodium intake? How can I stop drinking?
End-of-life issues:	What is palliative care? What is hospice care? What is end-of-life care?

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Author:	Caroline Rea, RN, BS, MS	Last Updated: January 25, 2008
Medical Review:	Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine Steven L. Flamm, MD - Gastroenterology
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