Glaucoma

What Increases Your Risk

Factors that increase your risk for glaucoma vary according to the different types of glaucoma.

Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) include:

• High pressure in the eyes. Open-angle glaucoma is often associated with higher-than-normal pressure in the eyes (intraocular pressure, or IOP). Some studies have indicated that among people with high IOP, only about 10% develop vision loss from glaucoma. Other studies indicate that 15% to 40% of people with high IOP develop some vision loss within 10 years.¹High pressure in the eyes is the one treatable risk factor for open-angle glaucoma. However, raised pressure in the eyes alone is not enough to diagnose glaucoma and does not always require treatment.
• Age. The risk for glaucoma increases rapidly after age 40. People age 70 and older are about 4 to 7 times more likely to develop glaucoma than people 40 to 50 years old.⁴
• Race. In the United States, blacks are 4 times more likely than whites to have glaucoma.⁴
• Family history of glaucoma. Relatives of people with open-angle glaucoma that is not caused by another condition (called primary open-angle glaucoma) have about a 9 times greater risk of developing glaucoma.¹ Changes within the eye (enlarged cup-disc ratio)—not increased pressure in the eye—may be the first sign of glaucoma in these cases.
• Prior loss of vision in one eye from glaucoma. Damage in one eye from glaucoma is associated with a higher risk of future damage in the other eye. If glaucoma is not treated, the risk that damage will occur in the other eye within 5 years is about 29%.¹
• Diabetes. People with diabetes tend to have higher pressure in their eyes than those without the disease. People with diabetes are also at risk for a type of secondary glaucoma where new blood vessels grow into and block the drainage angle of the eye (trabecular meshwork).

Risk factors for developing closed-angle glaucoma include:

• Race. People from East Asia or with East Asian ancestry, as well as Canadian, Alaskan, and Greenland Inuit peoples, are more likely than other people to develop closed-angle glaucoma.³
• Age. People over age 40 are at increased risk for closed-angle glaucoma.
• Sex. Older women are more likely than older men to develop closed-angle glaucoma.
• Birth defects. People who are born with narrow drainage angles in their eyes may develop closed-angle glaucoma if their pupils stay wide open (dilated). How much the pupil is dilated and how long it stays dilated, causing an attack of closed-angle glaucoma, varies from person to person.
• Farsightedness. People who are farsighted are more likely to develop this condition because their eyes are smaller and the drainage angles of the eyes tend to be narrower, allowing them to become blocked more easily.
• Family history. People with a family history of closed-angle glaucoma are more likely to develop the condition.
• Having closed-angle glaucoma in one eye. Having closed-angle glaucoma in one eye increases the risk of developing the condition in the other eye. About one-half of the people who have had acute closed-angle glaucoma in one eye develop closed-angle glaucoma in the second eye within 5 years.³

Risk factors for developing congenital glaucoma include:

• Infection in the mother during pregnancy. Babies born to mothers who have certain viral infections such as rubella during pregnancy are at a higher risk for congenital glaucoma.
• Family history. About 10% of infants with congenital glaucoma inherit the condition.⁵

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Author:	Robin Parks, MS	Last Updated: July 7, 2006
Medical Review:	Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine Carol L. Karp, MD - Ophthalmology
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